城市公示语汉译英错误及对策探析
Abstract .ii
摘要.iii
Chapter One General Introduction.1
Chapter Two The Theoretical Basis of Public Signs’ Translation3
     2.1 General Introduction of the Skopos Theory.3
     2.2 The Instruction From the Skopos Theory to Translation of Public Signs4   
Chapter Three The Errors of Public Signs and Their Reasons in Jinan5
     3.1 Types of Errors.5
          3.1.1 Inappropriate Use of Pin Yin5
          3.1.2 Grammar Problem5
          3.1.3 Chinglish Problem6
          3.1.4 Rough Translations’ Problem7
          3.1.5 Non-unified Translation’s Problem 7
          3.1.6 Inappropriate Tone Problem.7
          3.1.7 Wrong Spelling.8
     3.2 The Reasons for Errors8
          3.2.1 Inadequate Realization of Public Signs in English of Translators9
          3.2.2 Unqualified Abilities and Realization of Chinese Translators
               .9            
          3.2.3 Irresponsibility of Public Signs’ Producers 9
          3.2.4 Lack of Official Monitoring Systems, Standards and Government
               Sectors10
          3.2.5 Lack of Attention to Cultural Differences.10
Chapter Four Relevant Strategies Based on the Skopos Theory.11
     4.1 Technical Methods.11
          4.1.1 “Loan Translation”11
          4.1.2 Calque Translation12
          

          4.1.3 No-translation12
          4.1.4 Translation by Drawings13
          4.1.5Improvement of Abilities13
     4.2 Government Moves 13
          4.2.1 Unified Administration14
          4.2.2 Improvement of the Level of English Education for the Publc14
          4.2.3 Integration of The Translation of Public Signs as A Part of English
              Education.14
          4.2.4 Creation of More Resources15
          4.2.5 More Foreign Exchanges15
Conclusion .17
Bibliography.18
Acknowledgements20

 公示语作为一个城市的名片，是与此地给人的印象、其自身形象和国际化建设联系在一起的，其重要性不言而喻。 在改革开放火热进行的过程中，社会各界，尤其是翻译界学者都对公示语翻译产生了越来越多的兴趣。通过对公示语翻译当下地位调查和分析可以发现，其重点是对汉英公示语的翻译错误的研究。济南作为山东省的省会，正致力于在国家全面发展的背景下使自身成为国际化大城市。但是，根据济南市公示语翻译的水平严重滞后于其他一线城市并且拼音、语法、中式英语和文化差异等多方面错误泛滥的情况，在本市自身条件的基础上，本文针对与济南市城市生活密切相关的某些特定的公示语翻译错误，凭借各方面经验，致力于探讨导致这些错误的原因和相应解决措施，以期济南市的公示语翻译水平能有所提高，以及其国际形象能日趋提升。
关键词：济南  公示语翻译  目的论  错误  解决措施

Chapter One  General Introduction

    While the global economic integration and the Reform and Opening have been proceeding rapidly, a lot of foreign businessmen/businesswomen, teachers, students, travelers, and other professionals in many industries have been coming to China for operating all kinds of activities; especially since the holding of Beijing Olympic Games, Shanghai World Expo, and Guangzhou Asian Games, etc. Not only the Chinese economy and society have been affected, but also the communication among Chinese and foreign cultures have been greatly changed so much that Chinese government has began to use English public signs with their original Chinese editions together in public places on a large scale. Jinan, as one of the most important cities in eastern China, most definitely put this work on top of their list. However, as the communication becomes more common, and more complex, mistakes on the English public signs in Jinan and many other Chinese cities have brought so much confusion and obstacles to our foreign friends, as some signs are very misunderstanding.
Just as its name implies, “public signs” refer to one of the languages that people use in public areas, a most common and practical language in people’s life; a special and open language that contains words and icons, which is designed for certain communicative purposes. However, there are also some definitions like “public signs are words and icons which were created for noticing, indicating, pointing out, displaying, warning and marking the activities related to people’s life, production, lives, ecology and subsistence” (林姣姣, 2009). In other words, public signs could also be a special public language that faces to the ordinary people to achieve a certain goal of communication (王斯奇, 秦杰, 2015).
Public signs are designed to offer information and completed instructions, and they have extrusive effects of indicating, suggesting, restricting, compelling, and ecologically protecting(童丽, 2015):  1.Indicative public signs show the considerate information service without limitation or force, like ‘Take Away’ or ‘Toilet’ (which are two different translations of the Chinese word ’厕所’). 2. Suggesting public signs have no certain meaning, but to denote it, and put it in wide use, like ‘Sold Out’ (售完) or ‘Wet Paint’ (油漆未干). restricting ones limit people’s behaviors and activities properly, such as ‘Ticket Only’ (凭票入内); compelling ones to strongly ask people to do or not to do something and leave no room for negotiation, such as ‘No Smoking’ (禁烟) (林姣姣, 2009);  ecologically protective signs refer to public signs that appear to protect the environment, to awaken and publicize the environmental awareness or to initiate ecological lifestyle, such as ‘recyclable’ (可回收) or ‘LOW-CABON LIFE’ (低碳生活), etc (王永桂，赵士德, 2014).
 Public signs could be divided as ‘public information prompt’, ‘security public signs’, firefighting public signs’, ‘transportation public signs’ and so on (童丽,2015), which are used widely in public places such as guideposts, billboards, shop signs, propaganda signs in public areas and travelling profiles.
As the public signs are so vitally salient in the public life, any misinterpretation, misunderstanding, or misuse could cause serious problems. The inappropriate translations not only could affect the image but also the foreign exchange of the city or area, no need to mention the international reputation of our beloved motherland--- People’s Republic of China. Jinan, as the capital city of Shandong Province, the situation of English Public signs translation stands for the development standards of the whole province, and this paper would analyze the misuse and mistakes of public signs, English translations, and offer some proven methods to them with the aid of translation theory.
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