概念隐喻在商务英语新闻中的应用
众所周知，随着经济全球化的不断深入，商务英语新闻成了各国了解其他国家经济的重要渠道，在阅读或收听商务英语新闻的过程中，我们会经常遇到隐喻问题，由于各国文化背景的差异，常常会导致对隐喻语言理解上的偏差，因此研究商务英语新闻中隐喻现象日益进入研究者的视野。本文拟从概念隐喻的定义、特征、运作机制入手，分析商务英语新闻概念隐喻的表征，通过对商务英语新闻中结构隐喻、空间隐喻和本体隐喻的具体分析，研究了商务英语新闻中概念隐喻的应用。
关键词  概念隐喻， 商务英语新闻，表征，应用
1   Introduction    1
2   The Conceptual Metaphor    2
2.1  The Brief Definition of Conceptual Metaphor    2
2.2  The Features of Conceptual Metaphor    3
2.3  The Working Mechanism of Conceptual Metaphor    4
3   Representations of Conceptual Metaphor in Business English News    5
3.1  The Universality of Conceptual Metaphor in Business English News    5
3.2  The Systematicity of Conceptual Metaphor in Business English News    6
3.3  The Inconsistency of Conceptual Metaphor in Business English News    6
4   The Application of Conceptual Metaphor in Business English News    7
4.1  The Structure Metaphor in Business English News    7
4.2  The Orientational Metaphor in Business English News    8
4.3  The Ontological Metaphor in Business English News    9
Conclusion    10
Acknowledgments    11
References    12
1  Introduction
   Along with the economic globalization, the number of international trade transactions is also increasing, also it is an information age, businesspeople from different countries are used to reading business English news every day, business English news plays an important role in their life. As we all know, business English news is an important channel for people from different countries to know other countries economic news. It is not hard to find that there are lots of metaphor phenomena in business English news. Lakoff and Johnson put forward the conceptual metaphor theory for the frist time. This theory is also referred to cognitive metaphor theory. They pointed out that a metaphor is a figure of speech that identifies something as being the same as some unrelated thing for rhetorical effect, thus highlighting the similarities between the two (Jonhson, Lakoff,1980). In western countries, metaphor is traditionally viewed as a figure of speech which appears in business English news. In order to write a good news, the writer could write news with the mechanism of conceptual metaphor in various aspects. However, people from different countries may misunderstand these applications of metaphor because of the cultural differences. So this study will give brief introduction of conceptual metaphor and focus on researching applications of three types of conceptual metaphor in business English news and characteristics of conceptual metaphor in business English news. The research of the applications of conceptual metaphor in business English news will help business English news writers improve their skills and help international businesspeople capture the information from the business English news. Researchers have researched the applications of conceptual metaphor in business English news, they summarize eight typical conceptual metaphors in business English news. However, there are also some limitations, these typical examples can help us know the applications of conceptual metaphor in business English news quickly, but there is no systematic cognition. Through the analysis of structural metaphors, orientational metaphors and ontological metaphors, this paper summarizes the application of conceptual metaphor in business English news systematically.
The body of this paper is divided into five parts. Part one is the introduction. Part two is the brief introduction of conceptual metaphor, which includes the brief definition of
conceptual metaphor and the features of conceptual metaphor and the mechanism of conceptual metaphor. Part three is the representations of conceptual metaphor in business English news.It includes the universality of conceptual metaphor in business English news and the systematicity of conceptual metaphor in business English news and the inconsistency of conceptual metaphor in business English news. Part four is the application of conceptual metaphor in business English news. It includes the examples of application of conceptual metaphor in business English news and three types of conceptual metaphor in business English news. The last part is a conclusion which firstly makes a brief summary about the main contents, and then it points out the major findings of this paper through studying the issue and the limitations of this thesis for the further research.
2  The Conceptual Metaphor
In 1980, Lakoff and Johnson have published a book Metaphors We Live By. It was the beginning of the new theory of metaphor. Metaphor is not a figure of speech but also a language structure with cognitive value.
2.1  The Brief Definition of Conceptual Metaphor
Lakoff and Johnson pointed out that“ it is agreed that what makes the contemporary theory of metaphor unique is the important distinction drawn between conceptual metaphors and metaphorical expressions”. Conceptual metaphor and linguistic metaphor are completely two different things.
According to the definition of cognitive linguistics, metaphors are pervasive in each language around the world. After a lot of researches and analysis, Lakoff and Johnson pointed out that conceptual metaphor is one of specific, visible and simple source domain concept to express abstract, intangible and complex target domain concept. Source domain and target domain are proposed by Lakoff in 1987. Let us take the argument and the metaphor argument is war as an example, the target domain and source domain represent argument and war respectively. The nature of argument is war is to understand and express one thing argument in terms of another thing war. Conceptual metaphor is the mode of thinking which is based on the human experience and physical experience. It is also an important wayfor people to know all things in the world. The main function of conceptual
metaphor is to make people start from the familiar metaphor carrier and to use the experience in the field of knowledge or direct experience to express another field of things accurately and close to the new concept gradually.
Lakoff and Johnson divide conceptual metaphor into three types: orientational metaphors, ontological metaphors and structural metaphors. Orientational metaphor is the metaphor that organized spatially. It is from the interaction between human beings and our physical environment. Lakoff claims that orientational metaphors provide the basic concepts including up-down, in-out, etc, and writers use these concepts to express abstract concepts. Ontological metaphor is connected our experience with physical objects and substances and make it possible to image abstract intangible concepts. For example, emotions, ideas, psychological activities. Structural metaphor is the metaphor that uses a variety of familiar concepts to explain unknown conceptual metaphor, especially the abstract concept.
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