《沙乡年鉴》中生态主义主题研究
《沙乡年鉴》是一本自然资源保护的奠基之作。其作者是美国著名作家，科学家，生态学家，自然学家，环保主义者——奥尔多·利奥波德。书中蕴含了丰富深刻的生态思想。本文试图从生态主义视角研究《沙乡年鉴》，探讨该书里包含的生态主题。首先，利奥波德重新审视了人与自然的关系，认为人类是大自然的一部分，应该热爱并尊重自然；其次，利奥波德提出了土地伦理理论，这是一项重大的伦理改革并且为新的生态伦理奠定了基础。他将伦理的范围扩展到土地乃至整个大自然，确定了土地伦理的标准，表明了生态良知对于化解生态危机和保护生态系统的重要性；此外，利奥波德还详细阐述了荒野的五大价值，包括生态价值、美学价值、科学价值、娱乐价值以及文化价值。
关键词  《沙乡年鉴》，奥尔多·利奥波德，土地伦理，荒野
1  Introduction    1
2  The Ecological Themes in A Sand County Almanac    2
2.1  Relationship between Nature and Human Beings    3
2.2  Land Ethics    5
2.3  The Value of Wilderness    8
Conclusion    11
Acknowledgements    12
References    13

Aldo Leopold, the author of A Sand County Almanac, is an American scientist, ecologist, forester, environmentalist, philosopher and educator. Besides, he is the creator of American new environment theory, and also considered as Father of Ecological Ethics. Leopold is influential in the development of modern environmental ethics and in the movement for wilderness conservation. His ethics of nature and wildlife preservation have a profound impact on the environmental movement, along with his eco-centric or holistic ethics regarding land. He emphasizes biodiversity and ecology and has founded the science of wildlife management.
Aldo Leopold was born in Burlington, Iowa on January 11, 1887. Living near the Mississippi river, Leopold lived a life close to various wildlife and full of various outdoor activities in his early years. Owing to these outdoor activities in his early life, Aldo Leopold excelled in appreciating nature and exploring nature.
In 1892, Aldo Leopold entered Prospect Hill School where he began to learn about nature, which stimulated his interest in nature. At the age of 13, he got Frank M. Chapman’s Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America which laid a foundation on studying birds for him. In 1904, Aldo Leopold went to study in The Lawrenceville School where he got interested in forestry, botany and meteorology and obtained some knowledge of different species. In 1905, he attended Yale Forest School. There he gained a fundamental knowledge of natural science. In 1906, he began his further study as a postgraduate in Yale Forest School. The study in Yale pushed Aldo Leopold to doubt pragmatism prevailing at that time and to explore the relationship between man and nature. In his lifetime, Aldo Leopold has published about 500 literary works, including essays, articles, reports and books. And he has more than 500 unpublished essays, reports, journals and so on. There is no doubt that he is a great prolific writer.
A Sand County Almanac, a masterpiece written by Aldo Leopold, is a book which gives a description of the land around Leopold’s home. It has been described as one of the benchmark titles of the ecological movement, and has a great influence on American attitudes toward our natural environment.
The book mainly describes the relationship between land and human beings. It consists of four sections: “A Sand County Almanac”, “The Quality of Landscape”, “A Taste for Country” and “Upshot”. In the book, Aldo Leopold promotes a new ethic theory—land ethics. He mainly advocates two decisive perspectives. The first one is that the concept of good behaviors of ethics shall be enlarged to include human beings’ care for the nature itself as well as respect for all life forms and nature. The second belief is that the concept of right in morality shall be enlarged to include the objects and process of nature. Besides, the author fully conveys his deep appreciation and devotion for all creatures in nature, including all kinds of animals and plants.
Many researchers both at home and abroad have studied the book from various aspects. Domestic researchers mainly study the book A Sand County Almanac from the following aspects. Some scholars study the land ethics and ecological ethics; others study the ecological holism from the angle of eco-criticism. Some domestic scholars even study  the relationship between nature and human beings. When researchers abroad carry out study on this book, they mainly focus on the author’s perspectives on nature, land and environment. J. Baird believes that A Sand County Almanac aims to make the readers quest personal and permanent experience in nature. Barbara E. Willard examines the rhetorical impetus toward environmental human agency in A Sand County Almanac. In short, although many articles have explored this book from various perspectives, few of them explore the ecological themes of this book in a systematic way.
With the increasingly serious crisis of the global environment, ecologism attracts more and more attention. As one of the most significant and respected environmental books in the 20th century, A Sand County Almanac expresses many important ecological thoughts of Aldo Leopold. This paper will give an detailed analysis of the ecological themes in the book, particularly, the relationship between mankind and nature, the value of wilderness and land ethics.
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